2.2.1. Installing using the rpm package

If you are a rpm [read: RedHat %#$!@] user, then the easiest way to install the fonts from FBFP is by using the rpm package. The rpm package can be downloaded from http://www.Bengalinux.org/downloads/freebanglafont-0.2-1.noarch.rpm or http://savannah.nongnu.org/files/?group=freebangfont. Just install the rpm package as you would do for any other rpm package with the command

bash$ rpm -ivh freebanglafont-0.2-1.noarch.rpm

2.2.2. Installing using individual font file

If you cannot or do not want to use the rpm package, there is always the good old tgz packages. Remember that you should have root privilege when you execute the commands mentioned here.

Download the files you want to install from http://savannah.nongnu.org/files/?group=freebangfont.

Remember that you will find several different tgz packages in FBFP. Each of them contain different font faces, i.e. they all look different from one another.

Once you have downloaded all the packages you want, extract all the *.ttf file(s). Basically run the following command on each *.tgz or *.tar.gz you have downloaded.

bash$ tar -zxvf your_font_package.tar.gz

This will create a new directory that will contain different files that comes with the font package. We are only interested about the *.ttf files.

Create a new directory where you want to install these fonts. For the rest of this document, we will assume we are installing the fonts in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/bengali/

Copy the *.ttf files we just extracted in to this directory, and execute the following commands:

bash$ cd /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/bengali

bash$ ttmkfdir

bash$ mkfontdir

bash$ chkfontpath -q -a /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/bengali

Now we will add the new directory to fontconfig configuration. Usually this configuration file is /etc/fonts/fonts.conf. Open this file with you choice of text editor and look for the part that looks somewhat like shown below

  <dir>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Type1</dir>
  <dir>/usr/share/fonts</dir>
  <dir>~/.fonts</dir>
        

Add the line

<dir>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/bengali</dir>

so that now it looks something like this:

  <dir>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Type1</dir>
  <dir>/usr/share/fonts</dir>
  <dir>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/bengali</dir>
  <dir>~/.fonts</dir>
        

After you have saved the file, execute the following command:

bash$ fc-cache

If you have GNOME print library ( libgnomeprint) installed, then execute the following commands:

bash$ cd /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/bengali

bash$ libgnomeprint-2.0-font-install --dynamic

That should be it! If you have any problem, please let us know at <users@bengalinux.org>

2.4.1. Lekho

Lekho is a text editor for creating Bangla Unicode files without using any type of Unicode font.

This section must not be taken as "The Complete Reference of Lekho". At best it can be regarded as a short introduction to the editor. The main purpose of this section is to make you aware of the presence of this wonderful editor. In any case, the primary source of information on Lekho is it's website or the documentation provided with the package distribution.

You may find Lekho helpful if you are

1. Too lazy/busy to install the necessary Locale, Opentype fonts and Keyboard.

2. Currently using a Gnome version prior to 2.0 .

3. Don't have gtk+ in your system at all.

4. Want to export as Latex for use with Bangtex macro package.

Some of the major features of Lekho are as follows

• Keyboard Layout- Phonetic (i.e. k=ka, kh=kha etc)

• Minimum Requirements- Qt 2.3

• Font Usage- Adarshalipi

• Save As- UTF-8, UTF-16, ISO-8859-1

• Export As- HTML, Bangtex

• Development Status- Beta

• Support- Through Mailing list

1. Download the latest tarball from Lekho's website at http://lekho.sourceforge.net (Rumours are that an RPM is on the pipeline. By the time you read this HOWTO, it may be already out. So please check it if you prefer RPMs). Now untar the tarball:

   bash$ tar xfz Lekho.tar.gz

2. 'CD' to the Lekho source directory and then go through the traditional way of compilation+installation:

   bash$ ./configure

   bash$ make

   bash$ make install

3. At the very end of 'make install', the Adarshalipi fonts are copied to a seperate directory and the name of this directory is also printed. Now add that directory to your fontpath. There are several ways to do this depending on the XFree86 version you are using. Please consult Lekho's documentation for details.

Although Lekho is still in development stage, it has enough features to meet the requirements of most people IMHO.

3.3.1. Procedural Guide

Translation is pretty straight forward - you need to edit the *.po (Portable Object) files. To get the PO files - check out which files are untranslated from http://developer.gnome.org/projects/gtp/status/gnome-2.2/bn/index.html. Download any one of the untranslated files and open it in an editor that supports Bangla (sorry - vi/emacs won't work here). I personally use Yudit - and other possible options are Lekho and the good old Gedit2.

Before you start working on something, make sure that you announce the file you are working on at <gnome-translations@bengalinux.org>. This may save a lot of trouble and frustation ;-).

At the beginning of the file you will see some fields for filling in the translators' name, email, translation time, package name, etc. Fill them up, and proceed to the next part.

You will find some lines like

#: atk/atkobject.c:1183
msgid "invalid"
msgstr ""

        

The first line specifies the filename and the position in which the string in the second line occurs. The second line contains the actual string that is to be translated and the third line is the placeholder for the translated string in Bangla. Thus, in a translated file this set would look like

#: atk/atkobject.c:1183
msgid "invalid"
msgstr "bhul"

        

Here, I have written the word bhul in English due the limitations of present day technology. However, when you do the actual translation, you will need to write the translated strings in Bangla - and not English.

You will have to translate all the sets in a po file before it is considered to be complete. When it is complete, mail it to the translation list <gnome-translation@bengalinux.org>, so that the other developers can also go through it.

Before submitting the translation as final - please check the file with the command: bash$ msgfmt -c filename_bn.po -o /dev/null where filename_bn.po is the file you are working on.

3.3.2. Style Guide

While translating, remember not to kill the language ;-). Do not overdo the translation - do not use Sadhu Basha . Also, when the computer is addressing the user, it is samman-shuchak (karun, balun, etc) while the computer is addressed by karo, balo, etc. If a Bangla equivalent sounds too out of the ordinary - keep the English word (in Bangla script) - it can be always changed/improved later. DO NOT overdo anything.

Also, keep proper nouns and trademarks/brandnames as they are. (Bourne Again Shell (BASH) should not be called Aabaar Bourne Shell).

Use the more common word (jaanlaa and not gabaakhya). Also always remember that the words need not be very much applicable to the actual action - an Englishman from the nineteenth century could not even have guessed what "Save" can do in a computer ;-).

If you have comments regarding a certain translated string, please write that (commented out with a "#"), so that we can go through it later. If you have more than one equivalent string in your mind, write all of them, and comment all of them except the one you think is the best.

However, while commenting, remember that you cannot have any comments between the msgid and msgstr lines.

That means

#: atk/atkobject.c:1183
msgid "invalid"
# yadayadayada
msgstr "bhul"

        

is invalid. Instead you should write-

#: atk/atkobject.c:1183
msgid "invalid"
msgstr "bhul"
# yadayadayada

        

Also ...last but in no way the least, spellcheck, spellcheck, spellcheck. During translation session - always sit with your dictionary, or even better, the Bangla Baanaan Abhidhan from the Bangladesh Bangla Academy. The bspeller from Bengalinux may be useful here.

Another recommended book is the Samartha-ShabdaKosh (Bangla Thesaraus) by Ashok Mukherjee from Sahitya Samsad.

3.3.3. Testing the translations

One of the most tricky things for a translator is understanding the context. For example, by simply looking at a pofile, a translator will have no clue whether Open stands for Kholo or Khola. To do context sensitive translation, a translator has to check out his/her translations in action, that is, in the application interfaces. This section describes a hack to see the translations without having to recompile the program.

This process works for most systems with GDM as the login manager. However, I cannot guarantee that this will work on your system.

To begin with, setup the locale for Bangla and install some Bangla fonts.

Once that is done, get all the translated pofiles in a single folder in your machine (to avoid mess), and one by one convert them into MO files with the command:

bash$ msgfmt -o file.mo file.version.gnomeversion_bn.po

While doing this, remember to strip all the version and language information from the mo file's name, ie, gnome-games.gnome-2-4.bn.po should be converted to gnome-games.mo. If you are unsure about a package, do a rpm -ql packagename, and you will get the naming scheme for the package. For example, a part of the output of rpm -ql gdm reads /usr/share/locale/ru/LC_MESSAGES/gdm-2.4.mo /usr/share/locale/sk/LC_MESSAGES/gdm-2.4.mo /usr/share/locale/sl/LC_MESSAGES/gdm-2.4.mo /usr/share/locale/sv/LC_MESSAGES/gdm-2.4.mo /usr/share/locale/ta/LC_MESSAGES/gdm-2.4.mo From this, it becomes apparent that one has to issue the command msgfmt -o gdm-2.4.mo gdm2.gnome-2-2.bn.po for the GDM package.

Once you are finished with that, copy the MO files to /usr/share/locale/bn_IN.UTF-8 or /usr/share/locale/bn_BD.UTF-8, depending on how you set up your locale.

Now, open up /etc/X11/gdm/locale.alias and add the following lines to it.

        Bengali                 bn_IN.UTF-8,bn_IN
        

After this, restart X, select Bengali in the Languages menu and relogin into GNOME. You will be presented with a Bangla system.

For testing a single application, you don't have to go through all this stuff. Just setup the locale, install the font and put the MO file in the proper place. Now, fire up xterm, and issue the command export LANG=bn_IN.UTF-8 or export LANG=bn_BD.UTF-8. After this, from xterm itself, start the program you want to check, and it will start up with a Bangla interface.